Thursday, 11 September 2014

quantum mechanics - Coherent states of the form $|{-alpha}rangle$


I've a brief question about coherent states in quantum mechanics.


As everyone knows, a coherent state is just the proper state of the anhilitation operator $a$, thus they're defined with the eigenvalue equation $a|\alpha\rangle=\alpha|\alpha\rangle$ (or inverting, $\langle\alpha|a^\dagger=\langle\alpha|a^{*}$).


However, sometimes I've seen coherent states of the form $|{-\alpha}\rangle$, and I was wondering about their physical meaning and if they satisfy the same eigenvalue equation as before, i.e., $a|{-\alpha}\rangle=-\alpha|{-\alpha}\rangle$ (and thus, $\langle{-\alpha}|a^\dagger=\langle{-\alpha}|{-\alpha}^{*}$).


Precisely, we can find these states, for example, in the case of the Schrödinger cat state.



Answer



Yes, coherent states can be found for any value of $\alpha$. To see this, it's nice to use the displacement operator and construct the states:


$$D(\alpha)=e^{\alpha a^\dagger-\alpha^\star a}.$$


It is the exponential of an anti-Hermitian operator and so is unitary by construction. What is interesting is it's effect on the vacuum state, namely we can write



$$|\alpha\rangle=D(\alpha)|0\rangle.$$


To show this, let's compute the operator


$$D^\dagger(\alpha)aD(\alpha).$$


We can use BCH expansion and it reduces to


$$a+\alpha.$$


As such, when we act with this operator on the vacuum state,


$$D^\dagger(\alpha)aD(\alpha)|0\rangle=(a+\alpha)|0\rangle=\alpha|0\rangle.$$


Since $D(\alpha)$ is unitary, acting with it on the left on both sides, we get


$$aD(\alpha)|0\rangle=\alpha D(\alpha)|0\rangle,$$


i.e. $D(\alpha)|0\rangle=|\alpha\rangle$ for any complex number $\alpha$.



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