What is the proof, without leaving the Earth, and involving only basic physics, that the earth rotates around its axis?
By basic physics I mean the physics that the early physicists must've used to deduce that it rotates, not relativity.
Answer
Foucault pendulum. I don't know how the ancients did it, but it is surely pure classical mechanics.
The animation describes the motion of a Foucault Pendulum at a latitude of 30°N.
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