An ideal Carnot engine is composed of two reservoirs and a working fluid. The hot reservoir and the cold reservoir have temperatures T1 and T2 respectively, with T1>T2. The working fluid is in a phase transition and has temperature T1 at the start of the Carnot cycle. It undergoes another phase transition at T2 at the end of the cycle to return to its original state.
This is a P-V diagram of the Carnot cycle which proceeds in four steps:
I'm particularly interested in the two stages (from 1 to 2) and (from 3 to 4). They can be described as follows:
1) Stage (from 1 to 2) is a reversible isothermal expansion of the working fluid to transform from the liquid state to the gaseous one. The working fluid is at T1 and it happens to have boiling point at T1. Hence, heat Q1 is supplied to the fluid from the hot reservoir until it transforms to a gas keeping its temperature constant along the whole process. (That the fluid's temperature is constant during the whole process is owing to it being in a phase transition.)
2) Stage (from 3 to 4) is a reversible isothermal compression, and it's similar to what we have just described, with the difference being in this case, heat Q2 is drawn out of the fluid and transfers to the cold reservoir, and the fluid transforms from gas to liquid retaining a constant temperature of T2 throughout the whole process.
I'm puzzled by the mechanism by which the working fluid undergoes phase transition. So, at stage (from 1 to 2), both the fluid and the hot reservoir have the exact same temperature, so that they're in a thermal equilibrium. Hence, there should be no heat or energy exchange between the two bodies. The same can be said of stage (from 3 to 4).
So how is it possible for heat to flow from two bodies having the exact same temperature?
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