Sunday, 25 June 2017

astronomy - Can the axis of rotation of a celestial body point in any arbitrary direction?


I am developing a small computer program that involves moderately simple simulation of elliptical Kepler orbits for fictional, generated star systems. I'm doing this without much prior knowledge of orbits (apart from some basic equations) or astrophysics in general.


I'm attempting to create loosely realistic orbits in the sense that they are not all in one plane and that they are elliptical with the parent body at one focus. The program assumes there are only interactions between a body and the one it orbits. Planets do not affect other planets' orbits. All other forces are explicitly ignored with orbits following only Kepler's laws.


The axis of rotation of each body in this simulation will be static (ie. without precession) and the axial tilt will be pseudorandomly generated. I wish to align an orbit with zero inclination with the equatorial plane of the parent body.


The real question, then, is the following: are there are any important constraints to the direction of the axis of rotation of an arbitrary hypothetical body orbiting another hypothetical body of significantly greater mass that I should take into consideration when determining the axis and axial tilt?


Which is to say, can the axis of rotation of, say, a planet, "point" in any arbitrary direction?


(The axis can be assumed to be a vector in the direction of the north pole. The north pole is here simply the pole that is "above" the orbital plane when axial tilt is zero.)



Answer




Uranus has an axial tilt of 97.77 degrees (it's on its side). So we have axial tilts ranging from 23.5 degrees (earth) to uranus's axis to venus's retrograde rotation. I think its safe to say that the axis of rotation can point in any direction. Remember that the axis of rotation is in fact the direction of the angular momentum, which can be changed by torque, i.e. collisions that are not directed right at a planet's center-of-gravity. Considering that the early solar system featured many of these types of collisions, I imagine that over time the axial tilt of a plant may be in any conceivable direction. For more re: Uranus's tilt, check this.


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