Monday, 25 March 2019

special relativity - What spacelike, timelike and lightlike spacetime interval really mean?



Suppose we have two events (x1,y1,z1,t1) and (x2,y2,z2,t2), then we can define


Δs2=(cΔt)2+Δx2+Δy2+Δz2


which is called the spacetime interval. The first event occurs at the point with coordinates (x1,y1,z1) and the second at the point with coordinates (x2,y2,z2) which implies that the quantity


r2=Δx2+Δy2+Δz2


is the square of the separation between the points where the events occur. In that case the spacetime interval becomes Δs2=r2c2Δt2. The first event occurs at time t1 and the second at time t2 so that cΔt is the distance light travels on that interval of time.


In that case, Δs2 seems to be comparing the distance light travels between the occurance of the events with their spatial separation. The definition done is then the following:




  • If Δs2<0 then r2<c2Δt2 and the spatial separation is less than the distance light travels and the interval is called timelike.





  • If Δs2=0 then r2=c2Δt2 and the spatial separation is equal to the distance light travels and the interval is called lightlike.




  • If Δs2>0 then r2>c2Δt2 and the spatial separation is greater than the distance light travels and the interval is called spacelike.




These are just mathematical definitions. What, however, is the physical intuition behind? I mean, what an interval being timelike, lightlike or spacelike means?




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