I found some interesting papers which claim that it is a misconception that the charge accumulation on the top is due to the Faraday's ice pail principle but rather just as in Volta's condensing electroscope:
However those papers are pretty old any with very few citations. On every textbook I have seen so far the working principle is described as by Van de Graaff himself by using the Faraday ice pail principle. So what is the status today of which version is correct? Maybe both descriptions turned out to be misleading, so what is the correct theory of this machine today?
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