Thursday, 27 August 2020

electromagnetism - Why does electricity need wires to flow?


If you drop a really heavy ball the ball's gravitational potential energy will turn into kinetic energy.


If you place the same ball in the pool, the ball will still fall. A lot of kinetic energy will turn into thermal energy because of friction, but the gravitational potential energy will still be converted.


Similarly, why doesn't electricity flow without a good conductor? Why won't Electrons flow from the negative terminal to the positive terminal without a wire attaching them?


Electricity flows like a wave and metals have free electrons in the electron cloud that allows the wave to propagate, or spread. But when these free electrons aren't available to propagate the wave, why don't the electrons just "move" like the ball? Why don't the electrons just "move" through the air to the positive terminal?


A slow drift speed means that the electrons most likely will take a long time to propagate the wave of electricity, but they should still get there.




Answer



To continue to use your ball analogy think of the ball as analogous to the electron. Now what if the ball were attached to a point by a spring? Would it still fall? It can oscillate about that point but it would not be able to escape the restraining effect of the spring entirely. The same is the case with bound electrons. They are more or less bound to the atom. If the gravitational field is very strong it may be able t o break the spring and rip the ball out of the spring. This happens sometimes in electricity too. In a lightning discharge, the electric field is so high that even the bound electrons are ripped out of their atoms thus ionizing the gas and creating what is known as plasma. With a pool of free electrons and positive ions available electric current can now flow freely through the plasma - you wouldn't need wires. But unless you have a high enough electric field to produce ionization(for ionization of air the field required is close to $10^6V/m$ - such high fields cannot be produced by the 100 - 250 V household voltages available in most countries) you would have to use wires made of conducting material where free electrons are readily available if you want to have electric conduction at normal voltages.


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