I have calculated that if one extends a rigid ruler into space by a fixed proper distance D then a clock at the end of the ruler, running on proper time τ, will run more slowly than time t at the origin by a time dilation factor:
dtdτ=1√1−H2D2/c2
where H is the Hubble parameter.
If one substitutes in Hubble's law, v=HD (the theoretical law which is exact), one finds the following satisfying result that
dtdτ=1√1−v2/c2.
Although this looks like a result from special relativity I derived it by combining the FRW metric line element and an equation for the path of the end of the ruler, χ=D/R(t), where χ is the radial comoving coordinate of the end of the ruler, D is a fixed proper distance and R(t) is the scalefactor.
Does this prove that there is a cosmological horizon at the Hubble radius D=c/H where the proper time τ slows down to a stop compared to our time t?
This seems to be a general result which is true regardless of cosmological model.
Details of Calculation
The general FRW metric is given by:
ds2=−c2dt2+R(t)2[dχ2+S2k(χ)dψ2]
where dψ2=dθ2+sin2θdϕ2 and Sk(χ)=sinχ,χ or sinhχ for closed (k=+1), flat (k=0) or open (k=−1) universes respectively. The scale factor R(t) has units of length.
Consider a ruler of fixed proper length D extending out radially from our position at the origin. The path of the far end of the ruler in comoving coordinates is
χ=DR(t)
Differentiating this equation by proper time τ gives us:
dχdτ=−DR2dRdtdtdτ.
Using the FRW metric we can find a differential equation for the path of the far end of the ruler. We substitute in ds2=−c2dτ2 (end of ruler has a time-like path), dψ=0 (the ruler is radial) and divide through by dτ2 to obtain:
c2(dtdτ)2−R(t)2(dχdτ)2=c2.
Substituting the expression for dχ/dτ into the above equation we find:
c2(dtdτ)2−D2(˙RR)2(dtdτ)2=c2.
Using the definition of the Hubble parameter H=˙R/R we finally obtain:
dtdτ=1√1−H2D2/c2.
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