I am slightly confused concerning the euclidean section of a Kerr black hole. In page 5 of the following paper https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9908022 it is said that in order to get the euclidean section, we need to set t→iτ and a→ia. (They consider general Kerr-Newman-AdS black holes but I am simply interested in Kerr asymptotically flat.) This makes sense because we want to keep the dt⊗dϕ components of the euclidean metric real. What confuses me is that if we do the analysis of the conical singularities as they mention, we will get the following periodicity for τ and ϕ
τ∼τ+β ϕ ∼ϕ+iβΩH with β the inverse temperature and ΩH the angular velocity of the event horizon, namely ΩH=ar2++a2 where r+ is the event horizon and a is the rotation parameter of the black hole. What is strange to me is that if we take a→0 in Boyer-Lindquist coordinates, we get that ϕ∼ϕ because ΩH vanishes. This becomes a trivial identification and it does not tell us anything about the periodicity of the ϕ coordinate. However, we also know that if we take the a→0 limit, we get the Schwarzschild black hole in Schwarzschild coordinates. In Schwarzschild Euclidean, we should take the ϕ coordinate to have period ϕ∼ϕ+2π and even though the Boyer-Lindquist ϕ is different than the ϕ in Schwarzschild, they match in the limit I am considering a→0. What does this imply? Does this mean that even though Kerr goes to Schwarzschild in the limit a→0 as a lorentzian geometry, their euclidean sections are not connected continuously somehow?
Edit1: I also have the notion that in lorentzian Kerr, the ϕ coordinate has periodicity 2π. When we go to Euclidean, we seem to get this other periodicity: but shouldn't the periodicity of 2π be preserved as well? At least that is what happens in Schwarzschild. So we would have both ϕ ∼ϕ+iβΩH ϕ ∼ϕ+2π It also confuses me that this manipulations are usually done based on the coordinate systems and therefore it is harder to get a notion of what it means to 'euclideanize' in a coordinate invariant way. If someone has a coordinate invariant way to talk about this analytic continuation, I would like to hear it.
Edit2: If we see what really is the expression in the identification of ϕ, we get iβΩH=i4πr+ar2+(1−a2r2+) By doing the analytic continuation a→ia, we have iβΩH=−4πr+ar2+(1+a2r2+) we see that it is alway less then 2π because r+=a+√2a defines extremality assuming the fact that we set a→ia. So it seems to make the ϕ direction smaller in general. But if I try to compute the action on-shell I=∫∂MK−K0 I have to integrate from 0 to 2π along ϕ to get the right result mentioned in https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.15.2752 because since we are sending the boundary to infinity only the leading order of 1/r matters which is the same as in Schwarzschild. So I am confused what kind of geometry we have along ϕ.
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