I read some posts on this forum and some articles which repeatedly state that it is not impossible to build q-comps but to make it successful, physics needs a great breakthrough. I tried finding but most of the material talks about how it works and what are current limitations, but how physics is going to help solving it?
Can somebody please explain precisely 'what is that breakthrough?'.
Answer
It can be argued that there are two primary challenges associated with quantum computing. One is a coding challenge, and the other is a purely mechanical (or in some minds physical) challenge.
As Ron indicated, viable Quantum Error Correction Code (QECC) is probably the largest breakthrough that makes quantum computers possible. Peter Shor was the first to demonstrate a viable Quantum Error Correction Code that can also be characterized as a Decoherence Free Subspace.
At this point, it can be argued that most of the problems associated with Fault Tolerant Quantum Computing are resolvable in terms of theory. However, their is a question of scaling as it relates to the number of qubits that are required to make the system viable, and the physical size of the system that is required to support those qubits. Most arguments that say there is a needed breakthrough in physics can be traced to this question of scalability.
As far as physical breakthroughs, it is likely that those conversations are in regards to Topological Quantum Computers, which rely upon the construction of Anyons in order to operate. Currently these are largely viewed as pure mathematical constructions, however, the construction and use of stable anyons, even as quasiparticles, as part of topological quantum computer would be a major physical breakthrough.
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