Say the world is governed by the Principle of Least Action (or Hamiltonian mechanics) and let's not worry about quantum mechanics too much.
Independently of any Lagrangian or Hamiltonian, does that tell us anything about the world? If yes, what?
To put it differently, is it possible to falsify the Principle of Least Action? What kind of experimental results would do so?
Answer
OP's question seems to be essentially a version of the inverse problem for Lagrangian mechanics, i.e. given a set of EOM1 Ei(t) ≈ 0,
Physically, in the affirmative case, there is a functional Maxwell relation δEi(t)δqj(t′) = δEj(t′)δqi(t).
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1 The ≈ symbol means an on-shell equality, i.e. equality modulo EOM.
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