The equation for the photon propagator is straightforward Dij=⟨0|T{Ai(x′)Aj(x)}|0⟩
Edit:
I guess I wasn't clear enough. By computing the probability amplitude for a process, we obtain a complex number that when multiplied by it's complex conjugate we obtain a probability for such a process to occur (when normalized). Here, the physical process is propagation, and the probability is |⟨0|T{Ai(x′)Aj(x)}|0⟩|2. However, this probability is gauge dependent, and hence, the usual physical interpretation of |⟨0|T{Ai(x′)Aj(x)}|0⟩|2 is questionable to me. Where has my interpretation gone astray?
Answer
The photon propagator Dμν(x,y)=⟨0|Aμ(x)Aν(y)|0⟩ is a building block for amplitudes, but it isn't necessarily an amplitude itself. The source for an electromagnetic field has to be a conserved current, which basically means that you create states from the vacuum using linear combinations of Aμ(x) operators whose coefficients are conserved currents. |J⟩=∫Jμ(x)Aμ(x)dx|0⟩
You can show by direct computation that the amplitude ⟨J1|J2⟩=∫∫Jμ1(x)Dμν(x,y)Jν2(y)dxdy is gauge invariant if the currents J1 and J2 are conserved.
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