We have a complex electric field. Is there any definition for absolute and imaginary part of a complex electric field? What do they stand for?
Answer
Jonas's answer shows one way wherein complex numbers are useful in representing sinusoidally varying with time quantities. The quantity $e^{i\,(\omega\,t + \delta)}$ when it replaces $\cos(\omega\,t+\delta)$ in a linear equation (or $\sin(\omega\,t+\delta)$ if one "favours the imaginary part" in Jonas's words) is called a phasor. The phasor method is applied widely throughout physics, not only to electric fields.
However, in the particular case of Maxwell's equations, there is a radically different way to bring in complex equivalents of the electromagnetic field that has a neat interpretation in terms of polarization. In practice, it ends up being used in a way very like the phasor method, even though its grounding is altogether different.
This is the idea of diagonalising the Maxwell curl equations (Faraday and Ampère laws) with the Riemann-Silberstein fields which are:
$$\vec{F}_\pm = \sqrt{\epsilon_0} \,\vec{E} \pm i\,\sqrt{\mu_0} \,\vec{H}\quad\quad\tag 1$$
and which decouple the Maxwell curl equations into the following form:
$$i\, \partial_t \vec{F}_\pm = \pm c\,\nabla \wedge \vec{F}_\pm\quad\quad\tag2$$
Note that by taking the divergence of both sides of (2) we get $i\, \partial_t \vec{F}_\pm =0$, so that if the fields are time varying and have no DC (zero frequency) component(i.e. $\partial_t$ is invertible), (2) also implies the Gauss laws $\nabla\cdot\vec{F}_\pm=0$ too.
Now one could simply sit with real electric and magnetic fields and one would need only one complex Riemann-Silberstein vector (either of $\vec{F}_\pm$ will do just as well as the other) to stand in the stead of two real fields and then the real valued curl equations are replaced by one complex-valued one. So one would interpret the real part as the field $\sqrt{\epsilon_0} \,\vec{E}$ and the imaginary part as $\pm\sqrt{\mu_0} \,\vec{H}$ (depending on whether $\vec{F}_\pm$ were used) at the end of the calculation.
However, it turns out to be more physically meaningful to keep both vectors, but to throw away their negative frequency parts and keep the positive frequency parts alone of both vectors. What's really neat about this second approach is that if the light is right circularly polarized, only $\vec{F}_+$ is nonzero; if left, only $\vec{F}_-$ is non-zero. So the positive frequency parts of the electromagnetic fields are decoupled precisely by splitting them into left and right circularly polarized components.
Now to restore a field's negative frequency part from the positive frequency part alone, one adds the complex conjugate, i.e. we're still effectively taking the real part of the $\vec{F}_\pm$ fields at the end of the calculation, so the practicalities are rather like the phasor method. But now we take:
$$\begin{array}{lcl} \vec{E} &=&\operatorname{Re}\left(\frac{\vec{F}_+ + \vec{F}_-}{2\,\epsilon_0}\right)\\ \vec{H} &=&\operatorname{Re}\left(\frac{\vec{F}_+ - \vec{F}_-}{2\,i\,\,\mu_0}\right)=\operatorname{Im}\left(\frac{\vec{F}_+ - \vec{F}_-}{2\,\mu_0}\right) \end{array} \tag 3$$
to get our "physical" fields at the end of the calculation. But, given the physical, manifestly Lorentz covariant interpretation of the Riemann-Silberstein vectors I talk about below (see "more advanced material" below), one might just as well say that $\vec{F}_\pm$ are the physical fields (even though they're not what you would measure with a vector voltmeter or magnetometer). In this framework of thought, a quantity's being real or imaginary has a geometric meaning as whether it is bivector or a Hodge dual thereof in the Clifford algebra $C\ell_3(\mathbb{R})$ wherein the now "spinor" $\mathbf{F}_\pm$ live and the entity $i$ is now the unit pseudoscalar in this algebra. Bivectors and their Hodge duals mix and transform differently under the Lorentz transformation (8), so, if you like, you can very soundly take this difference as the meaning of real and imaginary parts.
Lastly, since now (2) is confined to two equations in positive frequency (therefore positive energy) we can now interpret (2) as the time evolution, i.e. Schrödinger equation for the quantum state of a first quantized photon. See:
for more details.
The Riemann-Silbertein vectors are actually the electromagnetic (Maxwell) tensor $F^{\mu\nu}$ in disguise. We can write Maxwell's equations in a quaternion form:
$$\begin{array}{lcl} \left(c^{-1}\partial_t + \sigma_1 \partial_x + \sigma_2 \partial_y + \sigma_3 \partial_z\right) \,\mathbf{F}_+ &=& {\bf 0}\\ \left(c^{-1}\partial_t - \sigma_1 \partial_x - \sigma_2 \partial_y - \sigma_3 \partial_z\right) \,\mathbf{F}_- &=& {\bf 0}\end{array}\tag 4$$
where $\sigma_j$ are the Pauli spin matrices and the electromagnetic field components are:
$$\begin{array}{lcl}\frac{1}{\sqrt{\epsilon_0}}\mathbf{F}_\pm &=& \left(\begin{array}{cc}E_z & E_x - i E_y\\E_x + i E_y & -E_z\end{array}\right) \pm i \,c\,\left(\begin{array}{cc}B_z & B_x - i B_y\\B_x + i B_y & -B_z\end{array}\right)\\ & =& E_x \sigma_1 + E_y \sigma_2+E_z\sigma_3 + i\,c\,\left(B_x \sigma_1 + B_y \sigma_2+B_z\sigma_3\right)\end{array}\tag 5$$
The Pauli spin matrices are simply Hamilton's imaginary quaternion units reordered and where $i=\sigma_1\,\sigma_2\,\sigma_3$ so that $i^2 = -1$. When inertial reference frames are shifted by a proper Lorentz transformation:
$$L = \exp\left(\frac{1}{2}W\right)\tag 6$$
where:
$$W = \left(\eta^1 + i\theta \chi^1\right) \sigma_1 + \left(\eta^2 + i\theta \chi^2\right) \sigma_2 + \left(\eta^3 + i\theta \chi^3\right) \sigma_3\tag7$$
encodes the transformation's rotation angle $\theta$, the direction cosines of $\chi^j$ of its rotation axes and its rapidities $\eta^j$, the entities $\mathbf{F}_\pm$ undergo the spinor map:
$${\bf F} \mapsto L {\bf F} L^\dagger\tag 8$$
Here, we're actually dealing with the double cover $PSL(2,\mathbb{C})$ of the identity-connected component of the Lorentz group $SO(3,1)$, so we have spinor maps representing Lorentz transformations, just as we must use spinor maps to make a quaternion impart its represented rotation on a vector.
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