Tyre companies boast of their wider tires for better grip on road. Also, the F1 cars have broad tires for better grip. But as far as I know Friction does not depend on the surface area of contact between the materials. Even the formula says so.. $F=\mu mg$ (where $F$ = Force of friction, $\mu$ = coefficient of friction, $m$ = mass, $g$ = gravity)
Can anyone please tell me the relation between broad tires and road grip ?
Answer
It's a surprisingly complicated question. Given your mention of friction, probably the main point is that for a car tyre the friction is not linearly dependant on load. Wikipedia has some information about this here.
If you had perfectly smooth surfaces the friction is actually proportional to the area of contact and independant of the load. This is because friction is an adhesive effect between atoms/molecules on the surfaces that are in contact. However in the real world surfaces are not smooth. If you touch two metal surfaces together the contact is between high spots on the two surfaces so the area that is in contact is much less than than the apparent area of contact. If you increase the load you deform these high spots and broaden them, so the effect of load is to increase the real area of contact. The real area of contact is approximately proportional to the load, and the friction is proportional to the area of contact, so the friction ends up being approximately proportional to the load.
However a rubber type is a lot softer than metal, and a road is a lot rougher than a metal plate. Even at low loads the tyre deforms to key into the irregularities in the road, so increasing the load has a lesser effect. That's why you get the sub-linear dependance described in the Wikipedia article.
But this is only the start of the complexity. If you use a wider tyre the contact patch area isn't necessarily bigger. A wider tyre has a wider shorter contact patch while a narrow tyre has a narrower longer contact patch. The contact patch area depends on the tyre pressure, the deformation of the sidewalls and probably lots of other things I can't think of at the moment.
And anyway, if by "grip" you mean grip when cornering, the grip isn't just controlled by the contact patch area. When a car is cornering the contact patch is being twisted. This is known as the slip angle. The wider shorter contact patch on a wide tyre has a smaller slip angle and as a result grips better.
No comments:
Post a Comment