Wednesday, 5 August 2015

electromagnetism - Electromagnetic field and continuous and differentiable vector fields


We have notions of derivative for a continuous and differentiable vector fields. The operations like curl,divergence etc. have well defined precise notions for these fields.


We know electrostatic and magneto static fields aren't actually well behaved. They blow up at the sources, have discontinuities and yet we use the same mathematical formulations for them as we would have done for continuous and differentiable vector field.


Why is this done ? Why are laws of electromagnetism(maxwell's equations) expressed in the so called differential forms when clearly that mathematical theory is not perfectly consistent with the electromagnetic field. Why not use a new mathematical structure ?


Is there a resource which can help me overcome these issues without handwaving at particular instances when the methods seem to give wrong results?


Also one of the major concerns is that, given a charge distributions, the maxwell equations in differential form, will always give a nicely behaved continuous and differentiable vector field solution. But the integral form (alone, not satisfying the differential form) can give a discontinuous solution as well. Leading to two different answers for the same configuration of charges. hence there is an inconsistency. Like there is an discontinuous solution for the boundary condition of 2D surface, the perpendicular component of the electric field is discontinuous. ( May be it is just an approximation) and actually the field is continuous but due to not being able to solve the differential equation we give such an approximation, but this isn't mentioned in the textbooks.




Answer



One of the major issues that seems to be going on here is the notion of point and surface structures in our 3D world. When we define electrostatic fields by a distribution of point charges, we are being somewhat non-physical. If we keep zooming in on an electron, it's going to start not looking like a point charge anymore. Consider the Darwin Term in the Fine Structure Hamiltonian. The "rapid quantum oscillation smearing out the charge" removes the idea of a stationary point charge (albeit for the proton). What's more important in electrostatics is to say: in what region does our field need to be valid? The answer is only the region in which we're doing physics. To a good approximation, the electron behaves like a point charge as long as you're not on top of. Our point like charge distribution gives a field which is valid and a good approximation pretty much all the way down to the point itself. This doesn't need to be a problem though. Let us compare with an example from GR: In the normal derivation of the Schwarschild Metric in GR, we're only concerned with the region outside the spherical body. If the Schwarschild radius of the body lies outside the physical boundary of the spherical body, then our solution starts producing strange behaviours, and that's great, but we never try to go into the body itself using this metric. There's a region we're concerned with and we stick to it and it's all fine.


There's a similar issue with surface charges. Physically, you cannot confine charge to the plane. You can do a pretty good job approximating the plane, but random quantum behaviour puts a limit in place. We have to realise that the model is not a perfect representation of the world. But, the level we're usually looking at it, the normal E-Field is pretty much discontinuous across a boundary and our theory is the limit that it is discontinuous. That doesn't mean it isn't useful. If we start going right up to that boundary, our model is going to break down. As an aside, a spherical conductor is not a uniform distribution of matter. If it were, it would be a mathematical ball, and the Banch-Tarski paradox would have some very interesting things to say about that conductor. If we're going to say let's throw away this theory because the field isn't defined everywhere, I'd say we should have thrown it away sooner because of Banach-Tarkski. If we stick with Maxwell's Electrodynamics then we need to study it for itself to make sure we're always self consistent.


You mention the electrostatic energy derivation given in Griffiths text in a comment. I think you're talking about the Electric Potential calculation and the choice of reference point. If the charge distribution extends to infinity, we cannot use the point at infinity as the zero reference in calculating potential because the potential blows up at infinity. This is fundamental to the the theory we use. It is equivalent to trying to use the point at a point charge as the zero. We have to use the theory as is. If I remember correctly, Griffiths goes on to say that such problems do not occur in the real world because infinite distributions do not exist, which brings a small amount of peace. But you have to ask yourself if you're really surprised when unhelpful things happen because you playing with mathematical curiosities.


You ask about an alternative that doesn't have these issues? We don't use Maxwell's Electrodynamics to calculate electromagnetic cross-sections when colliding electrons. We use QED. In QED, the electrons don't have an Electric field like they do in Maxwell's. Electrons go in, something happens, electrons come out. That something is the exchange of virtual photons: the first electron excites the background field, and the excitation - the photon - propagates and then interacts with the other electron. There are many different 'paths' via which this can happen and we need to sum over them etc. Let's not get bogged down with Quantum Field Theory though, because you don't need to be an expert to know it's littered with infinities.


So should we use the full standard model lagrangian to do everything? Well no. It's probably worth taking a look at the two big reasons why. Firstly, it's not a theory of everything, it doesn't do gravity. Secondly, the computational demands of the dynamics of the 3 quarks + gluon plasma (+ whatever else is hanging around through pair production) is somewhat vast, never mind what's going on in my glass of water at the quark level. If we want to say something useful about my glass of water, we have a look at what assumptions we can make and find a simpler theory we can actually work with.


Really, what you've stumbled on to is the nasty truth of physics. We're used to hearing it all the time, but usually we don't realise quite what it means and how far reaching it is. Physics is about modelling the universe. Newton's Law of gravity is a model. It works in the weak field limit, but GR is "better". We accept it's not 100% but we know it's pretty darn accurate under certain conditions, and it's a hell of a lot easier to deal with. Here its obvious. But in the same sense, GR is wrong, the standard model of particle physics is wrong etc. There are some fundamental assumptions being made and we have to restrict ourselves to problems where the assumptions hold, or we go and win a noble prize.


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