I was reading a text in which Electric polarization in terms of Berry phase was defined as
P=e2π∑n∫An(k)dk
under gauge transformation P→P+ne (which means polarization can't be defined because it is not gauge invariant quantity) but in the text they defined polarization as Pmod(e×integer) I am having trouble understanding this mod argument ,
How can polarization is defined as Pmod(e×integer)?
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