Wednesday, 30 December 2015

condensed matter - Electric polarization in terms of berry phase?


I was reading a text in which Electric polarization in terms of Berry phase was defined as


P=e2πnAn(k)dk


under gauge transformation PP+ne (which means polarization can't be defined because it is not gauge invariant quantity) but in the text they defined polarization as Pmod(e×integer) I am having trouble understanding this mod argument ,


How can polarization is defined as Pmod(e×integer)?




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