Sunday, 19 April 2020

homework and exercises - "Redshifting" of forces in stationary spacetime


Here's the problem statement: Let (M,gab) be a stationary spacetime with timelike killing field ξa. Let V2=ξaξa (V is called the redshift factor). (a) Show that the acceleration ab=uaaub of a stationary observer is given by ab=blnV.


(b) Suppose in addition that (M,gab) is asymptotically flat. Then, the "energy as measured at infinity" of a particle of mass m and 4 - velocity ua is E=mξaua. Suppose a particle of mass m is held stationary by a (massless) string, with the other end of the string being held by a stationary observer at infinity. Let F denote the magnitude of the local force exerted by the string on on the particle. According to part (a), we have F=mV1(aVaV)1/2. Use conservation of energy arguments to show that the magnitude of the force exerted on the other end of the string by the observer at infinity, is F=VF.


My attempt: (a) A stationary observer's 4 - velocity must be proportional to the time - like killing vector and it must be normalized to -1 so we find that for a stationary observer, ua=ξa(ξcξc)1/2

. Now we compute, bua=bξa(ξcξc)1/2+ξaξcbξc(ξcξc)3/2
so ubbua=ξbbξa(ξcξc)+ξaξbξcbξc(ξcξc)5/2=ξbaξb(ξcξc)
where the second term vanishes because it is a contraction of a symmetric tensor with an anti - symmetric one and I have swapped the indices in the first expression using killing's equation. Therefore, aa=ubbua=12a(ξbξb)(ξcξc)=12alnV2=alnV
as desired.


(b) This is where I'm totally stuck. As far as conservation of energy goes, we know that E, as defined above, is a conserved quantity along the worldline of the stationary particle; physically E is the energy needed to bring in the particle from infinity to its orbit. Here we have a stationary observer at infinity holding this particle stationary by a long thread. There is a tension force at the end the observer holds and at the end the particle hangs by. Let's say the observer exerts the force F at event P1 and the particle feels the local force F at event P2. As far as I can tell, all we know is that in between these events, E is constant. But how do I relate E to F and how do I do this using the conservation of energy explained above?


I should note that I tried something on a whim and looked at bE. We know that for the stationary particle hanging from the string, to which this total energy is attributed, E=mξaua=mξaξa(ξcξc)1/2=m(ξcξc)1/2

so if we compute the derivative we get bE=mVblnV thus (bEbE)1/2=mV(blnVblnV)1/2=VF but I have NO idea how this quantity is related to F, if at all. If it is related somehow I have no idea how one uses conservation of energy to arrive at the relation. Thanks in advance!




No comments:

Post a Comment

Understanding Stagnation point in pitot fluid

What is stagnation point in fluid mechanics. At the open end of the pitot tube the velocity of the fluid becomes zero.But that should result...