Friday, 15 January 2016

newtonian mechanics - Is there a delay between force and acceleration?


Suppose we have a mass $m$. We can talk about two of its parameters: The net force applied on it $f(t)$ and its net acceleration $a(t)$.
I want to know whether there is any delay between $f(t)$ and $a(t)$ in the real world.
Newton's equation doesn't include a delay, by asserting that $f(t) = ma(t)$, but in the real world scenario is there any delay?


Ilustrating more:
Suppose before time $t=t_0$ the net force was zero but at time $t=t_0$ the force is non-zero.

At what instant is the acceleration gonna be non-zero? Is it gonna be at $t=t_0$ too? In other words, is there any delay between the information embedded by the "Net force" parameter and the information embedded by the "acceleration" parameter?
Perhaps I'm messing with a more deep problem, namely, whether time is continuous or not, but I'm not sure.


The motivation for this came from thinking that in a resistor, there is probably a delay between $V(t)$ and $i(t)$ in the real-world, even though Ohm's law doesn't include it.



Answer



In the real world, you push the atoms in the back end of the object, which push the atoms in the next layer, etc. This means that the front end of the object won't start accelerating until $t = t_0 + \Delta x/c_s$, where $\Delta x$ is the length of the object and $c_s$ is the speed of sound in the material of the object.


If you consider the object to be one atom only, you end up having to define when your push starts, since the force you apply ultimately is an electromagnetic force, which has an infinite extend, and thus applies even from far away. When you define your push to start at $t_0$, your acceleration by definition starts here as well.


Because I like drawing, here's a drawing of you pushing an object from far away. For most practical purposes, you can take the acceleration of the object to be zero until you're very close, though. But it is there.


enter image description here


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