I have been informed of the fact that neutrons refract similarly to light in accordance to Snell's Law. How would one calculate the refraction index for a neutron?
Answer
We use the Fermi pseudopotential.
The interaction of a free neutron with a free nucleus can be summarized by the effective scattering length of the interaction. For simple probabalistic reasons (explained nicely by Golub, Richardson, and Lamoreaux) most neutron-nucleus scattering lengths are positive, and so we can think of a nucleus as "a thing that pushes neutrons away from itself a little."
The pseudopotential is just the sum of all the tiny repulsions from all the individual nuclei. For neutron mass m, scattering length b from a nucleus at →ri, the psuedopotential which reproduces the scattering length without any neutron-nucleus details is Vi=2πℏ2mb⋅δ(3)(→r−→ri).
A neutron which passes from vacuum (VF=0) to some medium with VF≠0 will effectively see a one-dimensional step potential, with some probabilities for reflection and transmission. The transmitted neutron will generally (VF>0) have a slower speed than the incident/reflected neutrons. I'll let you work out that the index of refraction with momentum →p=ℏ→k is n≈1−2πNbk2
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