Thursday, 8 January 2015

refraction - How are neutron refractive indices calculated?


I have been informed of the fact that neutrons refract similarly to light in accordance to Snell's Law. How would one calculate the refraction index for a neutron?



Answer



We use the Fermi pseudopotential.


The interaction of a free neutron with a free nucleus can be summarized by the effective scattering length of the interaction. For simple probabalistic reasons (explained nicely by Golub, Richardson, and Lamoreaux) most neutron-nucleus scattering lengths are positive, and so we can think of a nucleus as "a thing that pushes neutrons away from itself a little."


The pseudopotential is just the sum of all the tiny repulsions from all the individual nuclei. For neutron mass m, scattering length b from a nucleus at ri, the psuedopotential which reproduces the scattering length without any neutron-nucleus details is Vi=2π2mbδ(3)(rri).

You find yourself in the domain of neutron optics when the neutron wavelength λ is long relative to the spacing between atoms. In that case the neutron doesn't distinguish between nearby scatters, and the pseudopotential becomes VF=2π2mbN
where N is the number density of the scatterers.


A neutron which passes from vacuum (VF=0) to some medium with VF0 will effectively see a one-dimensional step potential, with some probabilities for reflection and transmission. The transmitted neutron will generally (VF>0) have a slower speed than the incident/reflected neutrons. I'll let you work out that the index of refraction with momentum p=k is n12πNbk2


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